1. 神經動作發展障礙的盛行率
2. 早期評估與早期介入的重要性
3. 神經動作發展的理論：從神經成熟論到動態系統理論與感知動作理論
4. 早期神經動作發展評估簡介
(1) 新生兒神經動作發展評估
項目包括原始反射、動作型態與意識反應
(2) 嬰兒神經動作發展評估
項目包括原始反射、姿勢反應、動作里程碑與動作品質
5. 早期神經動作發展評估的臨床應用- 以早產兒為例

Every normal infant enters life with equipments enabling him simultaneously to develop in body, mind and personality as a unique individual. He is subject to an array of sensory stimulations which stream into his central nervous system, through receptors which cope with sensation from outside his body. Of all the senses, vision provides the most information to the brain. The infant's early development depends on vision, since all of the body systems require visual feedback for practice and refinement. When the visual system is impaired or dysfunctional, the other body systems do not have a monitoring tool to assure their smooth and timely development.

In the early months of life, the visual system has not yet fully developed. The eye's growth is complete by age 3 and nearly one third of its growth, in diameter, is within the first year of life. The entire nervous system is remaining maturing as well. Within the visual system, the most rapid changes occur in the last trimester of pregnancy and the first few months after term birth. Central to the understanding of visual development and it disorders needs to understand the processes underlying the neuronal development and the ontogenesis of the nervous system.

In a premature infant the visual system is not ready to function. The organ is lack of ability to control light entering the eye. At birth the newborn has poor fixation ability, a limited ability of color discrimination, limited visual fields, and rather short sighted. By 1 year of age, both near and distant acuities are good; there may be some mild farsightedness, but there is ability to focus, accommodate (shift between far and near vision tasks), and the child has depth perception. The visual system is going to be one of the most important organs for language and cognitive developing process.

The Pediatrician should be concerned to see that a child with visual disability is identified as early as possible, making proper diagnosis, perform necessary assessment and provide proper advises for immediate and long term management. Hopefully the help for the family and child can be introduced in time.

本演講主要討論零至一歲兒童的語言發展。語言可細分為說話 (speech production)、語言理解 (language comprehension) 與語言表達 (language production)。這次的討論將以兒童說話發展為重點。零至一歲兒童的說話發展稱為「語言前期」(prelinguistics stage)；在此時期，兒童所發出的語音，以語言學的觀點並不代表任何有意義的語言，然而這時期的幾個重要歷程，如：咕咕期、牙牙學語期及亂語期，皆與兒童將來語言習得息息相關。演講將以語言障礙兒之語言表現探討語言前期與後續延伸之語言問題及其相關性。